ADVIA® 560/560AL Hematology System Technologies Online Training

Welcome to the ADVIA® 560/560AL Hematology System Technologies Online Training course. The ADVIA 560/560AL Hematology System is a fully-automated hematology system for the in vitro diagnostic testing in clinical laboratories. The system provides leukocyte (WBC), erythrocyte (RBC), platelet (PLT), and hemoglobin (HGB) concentrations, along with a 5-part WBC differential measurement (LYM, MON, NEU, EOS, BAS). In this course you will learn about the different measurement methods used to determine sample results along with the measurement sequence. Select Next to continue. Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to: Describe how the system uses photometric light absorbance to measure the hemoglobin concentration Explain how the system uses volumetric impedance to determine the number and volume distributions of cells Describe how the system uses optical measurements to determine the 5-part white blood cell differential Select Next to continue. Explain the measurement sequence of the system's analysis process Congratulations. You have completed the ADVIA 560/560AL Hematology System Technologies Online Training course. Listed below are the key points that have been presented. Take time to review the material before you proceed to the final quiz. Download and print a copy of the Course Review. Describe how the system uses photometric light absorbance to measure the hemoglobin concentration A lysed blood sample dilution is analyzed for HGB concentration based on its stable chromogen content The lyse reagent destroys the membrane of the RBCs causing them to release cellular hemoglobin The system takes a photometric reading across the WBC chamber to measure the HGB concentration The HGB result is calculated as the difference between a blank and a sample reading with and without illumination to reduce the effect of liquid refraction and incident light Explain how the system uses volumetric impedance to determine the number and volume distributions of cells Volumetric impedance determines the number and volume distributions of cells The system detects and measures changes in electrical impedance when particles suspended in a conductive liquid pass through a small aperture There is a constant flow of currant between the electrodes on both sides of the aperture Each cell that passes through the aperture causes a change in the electrical impedance of the diluted blood sample The system detects this change in impedance and converts it to an electrical voltage pulse The number of voltage pulses is proportional to the number of particles in the diluted sample The intensity of each pulse is proportional to the volume of the particle The volume distribution diagrams of the particles are displayed as WBC, RBC, and PLT histograms measured in fL units Electronic discrimination by size allows separation of PLTs, RBCs, and WBCs, and the discriminators are indicated by dotted vertical lines on the histograms Describe how the system uses optical measurements to determine the 5-part white blood cell differential The optical method measures light scatter and diffraction to determine a 5-part WBC differential containing: LYM MON NEU EOS BAS The system's optical head contains a laser that illuminates a stream of WBCs suspended in an optically clear diluent moving through a glass flow cell The cells scatter light as they flow through the path of the laser beam Optical detectors sense changes in the intensity of scattered laser light and these changes are proportional to the cell volume and granularity of the cell's internal structure There are built-in amplifiers that convert these changes to electrical pulses which are recorded and stored for analysis The 5 part population discrimination is based on an analysis of the two-dimensional volume and granularity distribution diagram Cells with greater volume or size or more granularity tend to scatter greater amounts of light The intensity of scattered light is detected by an optical signal processing system The external structure and size of the cell causes lower angles of light scatter, whereas internal granularity or complexity cause higher angles of diffraction Both low and high angles of light scatter are captured by optical sensors that provide the system with two independent measurements for each cell that crosses the path of the laser beam The light scatter diagram is plotted as a two-dimensional scatter diagram Similar cells have similar scatter characteristics and tend to group together This allows the analytical software to differentiate and identify the WBC populations and generate the 4-DIFF and BASO scatter diagrams Explain the measurement sequence of the system's analysis process The piercing needle aspirates ~110µL of primary whole blood sample The aspirated blood travels to the blood sensor which ensures that the primary sample and free of bubbles as it moves to the shear valve The shear valve separates the primary sample into 3 further samples of exact volumes which are distributed to provide dilutions for the RBC, PLT, WBC, HGB, BASO, and 4-part diff measurements Lyse reagent is used to eliminate the RBCs from the diluted sample to measure WBCs RBCs/PLTs and WBCs are measured with impedance through 70 and 80µM apertures respectively Two portions of the sample are used for determining the 5-part diff in two independent optical measures: 4-DIFF and BASO Select Next to continue. Determines the number and volume distributions of cells The system detects and measures changes in electrical impedance when particles suspended in a conductive liquid pass through a small aperture. A constant current flows between the electrodes on both sides of the aperture. Each cell that passes through the aperture causes a change in the electrical impedance or resistance of the diluted blood sample. The system detects this change in impedance and converts it to an electrical pulse. The number of pulses is proportional to the number of particles in the diluted sample. The intensity of each pulse is proportional to the volume of the particle. The volume distribution diagrams of the particles are displayed as WBC, RBC, and PLT histograms measured in fL units. Electronic discrimination by size allows separation of PLTs, RBCs, and WBCs. Discriminators are indicated by dotted vertical lines on the histograms. Select Next to continue. A lysed blood sample dilution is analyzed for HGB concentration based on its stable chromogen content. Lyse reagent destroys the membrane of the red blood cells causing them to release cellular hemoglobin. Hemoglobin concentration is measured by taking a photometric reading across the WBC chamber. The HGB result is calculated as the difference between a blank and a sample reading with and without illumination to reduce the effect of liquid refraction and incident light. Select Next to continue. Measures light scattering and diffraction to determine a 5-part WBC differential containing: LYM MON NEU EOS BAS The optical head contains a laser that illuminates a stream of WBCs suspended in an optically clear diluent moving through a glass flowcell. The cells scatter light as they flow through the path of the laser beam. Optical detectors sense changes in the intensity of scattered laser light, and these changes are proportional to the cell volume and granularity of the cell's internal structure. Built-in amplifiers convert these changes to electrical pulses which are recorded and stored for analysis. The 5-part population discrimination is based on an analysis of the two-dimensional volume and granularity distribution diagram. Cells with greater volume (size) or more granularity tend to scatter greater amounts of light. The intensity of scattered light is detected by an optical signal processing system. External structure and size of the cell causes lower angles of light scatter, whereas internal granularity or complexity cause higher angles of diffraction. Both low and high angles of light scatter are captured by optical sensors that provide the system with two independent measurements for each cell that crosses the path of the laser beam. The light scatter data is plotted as a two-dimensional scatter diagram. Similar cells have similar scatter characteristics and tend to group together. This allows the analytical software to differentiate and identify the WBC populations and generate the 4-DIFF and BASO scatter diagrams. Select Next to continue. The piercing needle aspirates ~110µL of the primary blood sample. The aspirated blood travels to the blood sensor which ensures the primary sample is continuous and free of bubbles as it moves to the shear valve. The shear valve separates the primary sample into 3 further samples of exact volumes which are distributed to provide dilutions for the RBC, PLT, WBC, HGB, BASO, and 4-part diff measurements. Lyse reagent is used to eliminate the RBCs from the diluted sample to measure WBCs. RBCs/PLTs and WBCs are measured with impedance technology through 70 and 80 µM apertures respectively. Two portions of the sample are used for determining the 5-part diff in two independent optical measurements: 4-DIFF and BASO Select Next to continue.