Introduction the DFM Select X-ray System

Upon completion of this web-based training, you should be able to identify and describe the basic functionality associated with the following features:   • Wireless Detector • Table • Wall Stand • Tube • Generator Console                      Benefits • Configuration flexibility • Wide coverage of clinical exams • Wireless detector technology • Ease of use     Specifications • 34.8 cm x 42.4 cm (can be inserted into the detector tray in landscape or portrait format • Pixel size = 148 μm • Active detector matrix 2350 x 2866 • Maximum X-ray dose = 75 μGy • Maximum Linear dose = 50 μGy • Thickness = 19 mm   Specifications • Weight = 3 kg • Battery = Lithium-ion, rechargeable, exchangeable • Charging time = 3 hours in battery charger • Battery operation time = Up to 8 hours • Includes backup connection cable • Wireless connection = 802.11 a/b/g/n •   3 hours charging time for depleted battery •   Fully charged battery will last 8 hours depending on use Table Specifications • Table height = 23 in to 34 in • Tabletop total lift = 11 in • Table width = 30 in • Tabletop length = 84 in • Maximum patient weight = 650 lbs • Tabletop travel = 30 in long.,10 in  transv. Wall Stand Specifications Model J1000 - Heavy-duty detector tray, center-mount wallstand with dual-sided lock release, patient handgrips, and collimator light button • Vertical travel range = 15 in - 70 in (central beam) • Anti-scatter grid = Universal, Stationary, Pb 10:1, 215 LPI • Front-cover-to-detector distance = 24 mm • Front panel filtration = 1.0 mm AI equivalent max • Automatic exposure control = Standard, IONTOMAT with 3 measurement fields Tube Specifications Model E7242X  • Generator compatibility = 40 kW single phase • Max. exposure voltage (IEC 60613) = 125 kV • Focal spot nominal value (IEC 60336) = 0.6 - 1.5  • Nominal Radiographic Anode Input Power (IEC 60613) = For 60 Hz - Large Focus: 41 kW; Small Focus: 16 kW • Anode heat storage capacity = 200,000 HU (142,000 J) • Max. heat storage capacity of tube housing = 1,250,000 HU (900,000 J) • Anode operating frequency = At 60 Hz - minimum 3,200 rpm • Total filtration (IEC 60601-103) = Permanent - 0.9 mm AI at 75 kV; Available additional - 0.4 - 1.5 mm AI Tube Specifications Model E7254X  • Generator compatibility = 65 kW three phase • Max. exposure voltage (IEC 60613) = 150 kV • Focal spot nominal value (IEC 60336) = 0.6 - 1.2  • Nominal Radiographic Anode Input Power (IEC 60613) = For 60 Hz - Large Focus: 48 kW; Small Focus: 18 kW  For 180 Hz - Large Focus 82 kW; Small Focus: 32 kW • Anode heat storage capacity = 400,000 HU (285,000 J) • Max. heat storage capacity of tube housing = 1,339,000 HU (950,000 J) • Anode operating frequency =  At 60 Hz - minimum 3,200 rpm  At 80 Hz - minimum 9,700 rpm • Total filtration (IEC 60601-103) = Permanent - 0.8 mm AI at 75 kV; Available additional - 0.4 - 1.5 mm AI Tube Stand Features/Functions 1. Longitudinal Lock Release 4. One-hand Multi-lock Release 7. Vertical Lock Release 2. Transverse Lock Release 5. All Locks Release 8. Longitudinal Detent Indicator 3. Longitudinal-Transverse Detent 6. Vertical Lock Release 9. Transverse Detent Indicator Tube Stand Features Operator's Control & Display Checklist TitleChecklist TypeChecklist ContentTube Stand FeaturesHTML1. Longitudinal Lock ReleaseHTML Depress this switch to release only the longitudinal lock. Use this action when it is desired to move the x-ray tube longitudinally without disturbing other positioning. Release the switch to lock the Tube Stand in the desired longitudinal position. 2. Transverse Lock Release SwitchHTML Depress this switch to release only the transverse lock. Use this action when you want to move the x-ray tube transversely without disturbing other positioning. Release the switch to lock the Tube Stand in the desired transverse position.  3. Longitudinal/Transverse Detent SwitchHTML Depress this switch and hold it depressed while moving the x-ray tube slowly toward the transverse and/or longitudinal center position. The appropriate LED indicator will light up when the tube reaches the Transverse Center and/or the Longitudinal Detent position. The longitudinal locks will activate automatically when the tube reaches the Longitudinal Detent position. Release the switch to re-engage the longitudinal and transverse locks.  .4. One-hand Multi-lock ReleaseHTML Grasping the center handle activates this switch and releases all electromagnetic locks that secure all Tube Stand motions (except the “ROLL” motion). The x-ray tube may now be moved in any direction, including vertical. Release the center handle switch to re-engage all locks. 5. All Locks ReleaseHTML Depress this switch to release all electromagnetic locks that secure all Tube Stand motions (except the “ROLL” motion). The x-ray tube may now be moved in any direction, including vertical. Release the switch to reengage all locks. 6. Vertical Lock ReleaseHTML  Depress the switch to release only the vertical lock. Use this action when you want to move the x-ray tube vertically without disturbing other positioning. Release the switch to lock the Tube Stand in the desired vertical position. When the SID changes, the value displayed in the LCD Display Window is highlighted.  7. Roll Lock ReleaseHTML Rotation about the tube’s horizontal axis is called “roll”. The tube may be turned to any “roll” position and locked. Depress the switch to release the lock, and then roll the x-ray tube slowly into the desired position (a mechanical “detent” is provided to assist positioning at 90 degree increments). Release the Roll Lock Switch to secure the x-ray tube at the desired angle. When the angle changes, the roll angle is displayed in the LCD Display Window and the angle value is highlighted. 8. Longitudinal Detent IndicatorHTML  This indicator will light when the x-ray tube is positioned at the Longitudinal SID detent. There can be up to two SID detent positions. 9. Transverse Detent IndicatorHTML This indicator will light when the x-ray tube is positioned at the Transverse Center. There is only one transverse detent position. Collimator Specifications Model MRT 221/A DHHS • Inherent filtration = 2 mm AI equivalent at 75 kV • Full-field light localizer = LED 5 Amp, timer (1) • Copper prefilter = Without filter, 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm Cu • Rotation = Up to a maximum of +/- 50º • Collimation control = Manual (2)                      Benefits • Lower patient dose • Shorter exposure times • Greater accuracy • Greater consistency     Generator Specifications Model 400S High-Frequency Generator  • Output = 40 kW single phase, 230V • Exposure voltage = 40 kV to 125 kV • mA Range = 10 mA to 500 mA • mAs Range = 0.1 mAs to 630 mAs • Shortest exposure time = 0.001 sec • Generator frequency = 25kHz Generator Specifications Model 650S High-Frequency Generator  • Output = 65 kW three phase, 400-480V • Exposure voltage = 40 kV to 150 kV • mA Range = 10 mA to 630 mA • mAs Range = 0.1 mAs to 800 mAs • Shortest exposure time = 0.001 sec • Generator frequency = 25kHz Generator Console Components • Control Console  •  Operator Controls & displays for radiographic operations •   Serves as interface for the Power Cabinet and other related systems • Power Cabinet •   Power Module which contains the power and control components •  High Voltage Transformer Generator Console Features • Constant potential high frequency, operating on three and single phase lines • Three point control by selecting kVp, mA, & exposure time OR two point control by selecting kVp and mAs OR one point control by selecting kVp with AEC operations • Two buckys that can be directly connected to the generator • Self-diagnosis indicators that identify malfunctions in the system • Tube protection circuitry which prolongs tube life and increases system performance • Equipped with closed loop control of X-ray tube current, kVp and filaments, which minimize potential errors and the need for readjustments • Automatic line voltage compensation due to closed loop operation of X-ray tube current and kVp • Heat unit storage for the X-ray tube, even after turning on/off the equipment Generator Console Optional Features • Anatomical Programmer (APR) for six patient sizes (three adults and three children), with pre-programmed anatomical views for automatic selection. The operator may introduce modifications manually in all the original APR techniques and store them for later use. • Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) which accommodates most popular exposure detectors. A total of up to two detectors (Ionization or Solid State types) can be installed on the system. Each one can be independently calibrated. NORMAL USE The Normal Use of this equipment is defined as the Intended Use plus the Maintenance and Service tasks. CONTRAINDICATIONS   Do not use the equipment for any purposes other than those for which it is intended. Operation of the equipment for unintended purposes could lead to fatal or other serious injury. This equipment is not intended for mammography applications. This equipment is not specifically designed for pediatric purposes; if children are to be examined, they should always be accompanied by an adult. SAFETY & REGULATORY INFORMATION FOR CONTINUE SAFE USE OF THIS EQUIPMENT FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS IN THIS OPERATING MANUAL. BOTH OPERATOR AND SERVICE PERSONNEL HAVE TO STUDY THIS MANUAL CAREFULLY, INSTRUCTIONS HEREIN SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY READ AND UNDERSTOOD BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO PLACE THE EQUIPMENT IN OPERATION, ESPECIALLY THE INSTRUCTIONS CONCERNING SAFETY, REGULATIONS, DOSAGE AND RADIATION PROTECTION. KEEP THE OPERATING MANUAL WITH THE EQUIPMENT AT ALL TIMES AND PERIODICALLY REVIEW THE OPERATING AND SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS. TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR SERVICE PERSONNEL SUCH AS PRE INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS, INSTALLATION, CALIBRATION OR MAINTENANCE ARE DESCRIBED IN THE RESPECTIVE CHAPTERS OF THE PRE-INSTALLATION AND SERVICE MANUALS PROVIDED WITH THIS EQUIPMENT.  PLEASE STUDY THIS MANUAL AND THE MANUALS FOR EACH SYSTEM COMPONENT TO BE FULLY AWARE OF ALL THE SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS. ON The Generator is turned on by pressing the the ON push-button. This starts a power-up routine and the kVp and mAs Displays show the software version.  After the power-up routine the last workstation selected will be automatically shown.  OFF The Generator is turned off after 5 seconds by pressing the OFF push-button. The equipment only turns off if “Preparation” is not active.   Push-Buttons Workstation WS1 (Non-Grid)   +   WS2 (TBL Grid)   +   WS3 (Wall Grid) Tomo is not an available option NOTE The value of the back-up time (or mAs) must be set at a greater value than the previously considered for the exposure time (or mAs). A value above 50% of the considered value is the recommended. Very extreme values of back-up time (or mAs) should be avoided to prevent the excessive exposure to the patient when a control error is produced.   AEC Reset Exposure Detector Fields Film/Screen Combination Film Density Compensation AEC Reset Exposure Detector Fields Film/Screen Combination Film Density Compensation Rapid Termination • Safety device • Compares the AEC ramp with 30% of the final value at 30% of the backup time. • Operator must select an exposure back-up time higher or equal to 40 ms whenever AEC is turned on. • Error Code (Err 070) will be shown on the Control Console • Press the AEC Reset button to reset the error Slow (200) Medium (400) Fast (800) Radiographic Values / Parameters Tube Stand Features Radiographic Parameters Checklist TitleChecklist TypeChecklist ContentRadiographic Values / ParametersHTMLkVp DisplayHTML The kVp Display can show: The current X-ray Tube heat unit value after pressing the “AEC Reset”+ “kVp increase” + “mAs increase” push-buttons.  The Generator Power percentage after pressing once “AEC Reset” + “kVp increase” or “AEC Reset” + “kVp decrease.” mAs DisplayHTML The mAs Display can show: When an exposure is made with AEC, it shows the actual mAs after the exposure whenever the “AEC Reset” push-button is pressed. If an exposure is aborted by releasing the “Exp” push-button during the exposure, it shows the actual mAs value whenever the “AEC Reset” push-button is pressed, once the “AEC Reset” push-button has been pressed before to reset the error condition. Error messages during system faults (e.g. 125). mA DisplayHTML mA Display shows the radiographic mA value selected for the technique. .Time DisplayHTML The Time Display can show: The Time value (in seconds) selected for the radiographic technique. When an exposure is made with AEC, it shows the back-up time during the exposure and the actual time after the exposure whenever the “AEC Reset” push-button is pressed. If an exposure is aborted by releasing the “Exp” push-button during the exposure, it shows the actual Time whenever the “AEC Reset” push-button is pressed, once the “AEC Reset” push-button has been pressed before to reset the error condition. Additional DisplaysHTML The actual Time, the calculated mAs, and the selected kVp and mA radiographic parameters of the last exposure, with or without AEC, after pressing the “AEC Reset” push-button The exposure counters (Refer to Section 3.8 – p45 of the Operator's Manual for additional information). The operator can read the number of exposures made by the Generator by pressing the “AEC Reset” + “mAs increase” push-buttons. The number of exposures is shown in scientific notation on the mAs and mA Displays. mA Display shows the real number and mAs Display shows the corresponding power of 10 preceded by the letter “E”. Therefore, the total number of exposures is obtained as the result of multiplying the number shown in mA Display by ten raised to the power of the number shown in mAs Display. • kVp +/- Selects the X-ray tube voltage • mAs +/-  Selects the exposure in mAs • mA +/-  Selects the X-ray tube current • s +/-  Selects the exposure time in seconds Possible Causes Radiographic Parameters Blockage When any of the maximum or minimum radiographic parameter limit is reached, its related display blinks. Generator Power Limit (kV & mA displays blink) If the power limit (kVp x mA) is reached by increasing the mA up to a maximum possible value, the mA value is blocked. Flashing values on kVp and mA displays will alert operator about the situation.  If required, kVp could be increased up to its maximum value while mA value may automatically decrease, as long as mAs value is kept the same. Space Charge (kV display blinks) If a variation of the kVp or mA induces to reach space charge limit of the tube, the parameter is blocked, and flashing value on the kVp display will alert operator about the situation. Tube Power Limit (kV & mAs displays blink) If a technique reaches the power limit of the X-ray Tube (ratings limit or the X-ray Tube is momentarily overheated), some techniques cannot be selected. Flashing values on kVp and mAs displays will alert operator about the situation. Inverter Power Limit If a technique reaches the Generator limits or the Generator heat storage capacity, some techniques cannot be selected. Flashing values on kVp and mAs displays will alert operator about the situation. Dosimetry This equipment supports the use of a dosimeter to measure the Dose Area Product to determine the radiation levels patients are exposed to if radiological diagnostic methods are applied. NOTE: Refer to the corresponding Dosimeter Manual for extended information about operation, technical description or maintenance needed to maintain compliance with Standard IEC 60601--1--3: 2008. APR Controls for Patient Size (1), Display Selectors (2), and the APR Display (3) • Factory pre-programmed techniques • Combines 8 body regions (Y axis) with 8 anatomical views (X axis) • Radiographic parameters, workstation selections, & AEC (density, film/screen) can be assigned to the APR techniques • APR techniques are only guidelines • APR is activated when the Pediatric push-button or one of the Patient Size buttons are pressed 1 2 2 3 Patient Sizes • Adult -  Small/Medium/Large • Pediatric -  Small/Medium/Large NOTE: If any of the APR techniques in the APR file contains a combination of parameters not allowed by the Generator, that combination will be replaced with the nearest allowed parameters for the technique. In this case, the corresponding display of the replaced value blinks and the Control Console shows the message “modified” to alert the user of the changes made by the Generator. Reprogram APR Techniques 1. Select an APR technique and modify the factors and selections of workstations or AEC required to be re-programmed. 2. Verify that all factors of the technique are at the required values. 3. Simultaneously press push-buttons 2-6 of the APR Display to store the new technique. PREP   Press and hold the ”Prep” push-button to prepare the X-ray Tube for exposure. The “Ready” indicator on the Console will light when the X-ray Tube is prepared and there are no interlock failure or system faults. After pressing this push-button, the following functions are activated: •  Anode rotation •  Filament current switches from stand-by to the selected mA   EXP   Once the “Ready” indicator is illuminated, press this push-button, keeping the “Prep” push-button pressed, to start an X-ray exposure. If the push-button is released before the Generator completes the selected time or the AEC time, the exposure will be prematurely terminated and Error Code “Err 050” will be shown on the Control Console. The “X-ray On” indicator remains illuminated during the length of exposure.   READY   Indicates that the technique selected is properly set, there are no interlock failures or system faults, the anode is rotating and the X-ray Tube is ready for exposure. X-RAY ON Indicates that the X-ray exposure is in progress. At the same time that radiographic exposures are being made, an audible signal sounds. There are additional controls available for operating the DFM Select system. They include the Handswitch, Self-Diagnoses Indicators, and Error Codes. Click the pop-up button below to view descriptions of each. Download:   Error Codes List Additional Operating Controls & Indicators Additional Operating Controls & Indicators Checklist TitleChecklist TypeChecklist ContentHandswitchHTML Radiographic exposures can also be initiated with the X-ray Handswitch which is connected to the Control Console. The X-ray Handswitch button has three positions: “Off”, “Preparation”, and “X-ray Exposure”, which operate in the same way that “Prep” and “Exp” push-buttons on the Control Console. Press the Handswitch half-way for “Prep” and fully for “Exp”. Self-Diagnosis IndicatorsHTML Self-Diagnosis indicators identify a malfunction in the system alerting operator about error existence that inhibits exposure. During normal operation of the system, these indicators are directly shown on the APR Display or as an error code on the kV Display    DOOR OPEN Indicates the X-ray room door is open when the X-ray equipment is in use. TUBE OVERLOAD Indicates that either the technique selected is beyond the X-ray Tube ratings or the present conditions of the X-ray Tube inhibit the exposure (anode overheated). Parameters for next exposure may be temporally limited by the Generator (change the exposure values or wait for the X-ray Tube to cool). Check that heat units available are lower than the calculated for the next exposure (heat units close to zero). Reduce exposure factors or wait for the X-ray Tube to cool.  HEAT Indicates that the X-ray Tube thermostat/pressurestat is open due to overheating of the Tube housing (housing is too hot, wait for the housing to cool) or to a thermostat/pressurestat mal-function (housing is cool). Heat units may rise to any value. Error CodesHTML The Error codes indicate the potential cause of a system failure. When an error occurs, “Err” is shown in the kVp Display and the Error code is shown on the mAs Display at the same time an audio signal is emitted. Correct the error cause and keep pressed the “AEC Reset” push-button till the Console indication disappears. Error codes enable the operator to indirectly convey the possible source of error to service personnel. This may prevent the need for a service call or enable service personnel to anticipate corrective actions prior to arriving on site. To download a list of Error Codes for the DFM Select System, click the link on the Additional Operating Controls & Indicators page. . You have now completed the course Introduction the DFM Select X-ray System.  You should now be able to identify and describe the basic functionality associated with the following features:   • Wireless Detector • Table • Wall Stand • Tube • Generator Console RAD Operation can be performed in the following modes: • Three point control by selecting kVp, mA and Exposure Time independently • Two point control by selecting kVp and mAs independently. mAs selection sets the maximum mA available for the selected Focal Spot and the respective Exposure Time. In this control mode, when kVp value is increased, the Generator will automatically look for the adequate combination of mA and Exposure Time factors to avoid the “Tube Overload” warning, keeping constant mAs. • One point control by selecting kVp with AEC operations • Anatomical Programs (APR) Radiographic Operation Examples Examples Checklist TitleChecklist TypeChecklist ContentRAD Examination SequenceHTML 1. Make sure that the X-ray Tube to be used is properly warmed-up. 2. Position the patient for the examination. 3. Select the “workstation”, and technique parameters using the RAD controls on the Console. 4. Instruct patient to maintain the required position. Prepare the X-ray Tube by pressing the handswitch push-button to the “Prep” position and maintain it until the “Ready” indicator is illuminated. 5. Instruct patient to remain still and to hold his breath as required, then make the X-ray exposure by pressing the handswitch push-button fully to the “Exp” position and maintain it throughout the exposure. The “X-ray On” indicator will light and an audible signal will sound during the exposure. 6. When the exposure is finished, release the handswitch push-button.  7. Repeat the procedure if additional exposures are desired. AEC OperationHTMLManual Selection 1. Position the patient for the examination. 2. Select the “workstation” and enter in AEC mode by selecting at least one Area Detector “Field” on the Console. 3. If required, choose another “Film Screen Combination” and adjust the “Film Density” setting (“0” is the normal setting). 4. Select the technique parameters (back-up time/mAs) using the RAD controls on the Console. 5. Continue with the radiographic operation. APR OperationHTMLPre-programmed Selection 1. Position the patient for the examination. 2. Select the “Patient Size” corresponding to the patients anatomy. This operation starts the APR mode. Select the “Pediatric” push-button if the patient is not an adult. 3. Select a general “Body Region” and an “Anatomical View” of the indicated on the APR Display. 4. Technique parameters, Workstation information, Focal Spot, AEC, etc. corresponding to the APR selection are displayed and indicated on the Control Console. If needed, the parameters and selections can be directly modified by the operator.  5. Continue with the normal procedure for a typical RAD examination. System power is applied by pressing the “Power On” push-button on the Control Console. The Generator will go through a start-up routine conducting an automatic self-test that will show information usable only by service personnel. After the power-up has been completed the Console should display normal radiographic factors. If there is a malfunction, error messages will be displayed on the RAD kV Display specifying the fault. Introduction to the DFM Select X-ray System